{"id":1205,"date":"2019-02-08T10:53:16","date_gmt":"2019-02-08T09:53:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.andrelang-law.de\/?p=1205"},"modified":"2026-08-03T09:20:00","modified_gmt":"2026-08-03T07:20:00","slug":"medium-sized-business-cartel-antitrust-law-requirements","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/andrelang-law.de\/en\/mittelstandskartell-kartellrechtliche-voraussetzungen\/","title":{"rendered":"SME cartel \u2013 antitrust requirements"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Ein Mittelstandskartell ist eine nach \u00a7 3 GWB ausnahmsweise zul\u00e4ssige Kooperation zwischen kleinen und mittleren Unternehmen, die den Wettbewerb nicht wesentlich beeintr\u00e4chtigt und deren Wettbewerbsf\u00e4higkeit st\u00e4rken soll. Es kann f\u00fcr kleine und mittlere Unternehmen erhebliche wettbewerbliche Vorteile bringen, um im Wettbewerb mit den gro\u00dfen Unternehmen einer Branche bestehen zu k\u00f6nnen. Dies gilt insbesondere f\u00fcr Spezialisierungskartelle und Rationalisierungskartelle, die das GWB unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen zul\u00e4sst. Unter dem Dach eines Mittelstandskartells k\u00f6nnen beispielsweise an sich <a href=\"https:\/\/andrelang-law.de\/en\/purchasing-group-prohibited-price-maintenance\/\">verbotene Preisabsprachen<\/a> und Quotenbildungen zul\u00e4ssig sein. Allerdings pr\u00fcfen die Kartellbeh\u00f6rden genau, ob die Voraussetzungen f\u00fcr ein Mittelstandskartell erf\u00fcllt sind. Zu beachten ist vor allem, dass sich die Zul\u00e4ssigkeit auf deutsches Kartellrecht und seinen Anwendungsbereich beschr\u00e4nkt. Nach den Regelungen des europ\u00e4ischen <a href=\"https:\/\/andrelang-law.de\/en\/antitrust\/\">antitrust law<\/a> ist dies nicht der Fall. Sobald also beispielsweise ein grenz\u00fcberschreitendes Spezialisierungskartell vereinbart werden soll und hierdurch der zwischenstaatliche Handel betroffen ist, gilt der Ausnahmetatbestand des \u00a7 3 GWB nicht mehr. Die Zul\u00e4ssigkeit eines Mittelstandskartells ist auch besonders genau zu pr\u00fcfen, wenn ein marktbeherrschendes Unternehmen oder ein Unternehmen mit \u00fcberlegener Marktmacht beteiligt ist. Diese Problematik stellt sich insbesondere, wenn ein zun\u00e4chst mittleres Unternehmen stark w\u00e4chst und zu einem marktbeherrschenden Unternehmen wird. An einem fairen Wettbewerb w\u00fcrden dann Zweifel bestehen.<\/p>\n<h2>Cartel, rationalization cartel, middle-class cartel \u2013 what is that?<\/h2>\n<p>A cartel is an agreement between companies that aims to restrict or prevent competition. Such restrictions on competition can arise from various types of agreements, for example regarding prices, production volumes or market allocation. According to the Act against Restraints of Competition (GWB), cartels are generally prohibited because they disrupt the free market mechanism and can lead to an unfair competitive situation. This applies if the companies involved are competitors. However, there are certain exceptions under which cartels - i.e. horizontal cooperation between competitors - can be permissible. One such exception is the rationalization cartel. The rationalization cartel is not explicitly mentioned in the GWB, but as a medium-sized cartel it enables companies to achieve efficiency improvements and cost savings through cooperation without significantly affecting competition.<\/p>\n<p>Die Bildung eines Kartells unterliegt strengen Vorschriften. Problematisch ist, dass es kein formales Verfahren zur Genehmigung durch das Bundeskartellamt oder die entsprechende Kartellbeh\u00f6rde gibt. Die Partner m\u00fcssen durch eine kartellrechtliche Selbsteinsch\u00e4tzung selbst beurteilen und sicherstellen, dass die Kooperation nicht zu einer unzul\u00e4ssigen Beschr\u00e4nkung des Wettbewerbs f\u00fchrt. Im Rahmen dieser Selbsteinsch\u00e4tzung werden die spezifischen Umst\u00e4nde und Ziele des Kartells gepr\u00fcft, um festzustellen, ob es den gesetzlichen Anforderungen entspricht und ob es sich positiv auf den Markt und die Verbraucher auswirken kann.<\/p>\n<p>A rationalization cartel is a special form of cartel that aims to increase the efficiency and profitability of the companies involved. It involves cooperation to rationalize economic processes, for example through joint research and development, standardization of products or improvement of production processes.<\/p>\n<p>A medium-sized cartel has found a special regulation for the German market in Section 3 of the GWB and refers specifically to small and medium-sized companies. A medium-sized cartel aims to strengthen their competitiveness against larger competitors. If a medium-sized cartel includes rationalization measures, it can be classified as an exceptionally permissible cartel, provided that it complies with the legal provisions and does not lead to an impermissible restriction of competition.<\/p>\n<p>Overall, it is important that every cartel, whether it is a SME cartel or a rationalization cartel, complies with the legal framework, in particular the provisions of the Act against Restraints of Competition (GWB) in Germany and the European Commission&#039;s guidelines for horizontal cooperation between companies published since July 2023.<\/p>\n<h2>SME cartel \u2013 what requirements exist?<\/h2>\n<p>Agreements between competitors that aim to rationalize economic processes through inter-company cooperation do not fall under the antitrust ban under Section 1 GWB if this does not significantly impair competition on the market and the agreement serves to increase the competitiveness of small or medium-sized companies improve, Section 3 GWB. A medium-sized business cartel should not be confused with a delivery community. A supply group does not fall under the antitrust ban if a specific order cannot be fulfilled by a single company, such as large supply contracts or large tendering procedures.<\/p>\n<p>First of all, all companies involved in the SME cartel must be small or medium-sized companies with a combined market share of less than 10-15 % in all service areas of the SME cartel. These service areas can include sales, purchasing, logistics, marketing and debt collection. The following requirements must also be met for a medium-sized business cartel:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The object of the SME cartel must be the rationalization of economic processes through inter-company cooperation between the companies involved,<\/li>\n<li>The SME cartel does not significantly impair competition on the market,<\/li>\n<li>the agreement serves to improve the competitiveness of the small or medium-sized companies involved, and<\/li>\n<li>The geographical market in which the SME cartel operates is limited to the territory of Germany.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Whether the medium-sized business cartel is loose for a one-off project or long-term through a cooperation agreement or even through the establishment of a joint venture, such as a GmbH &amp; Co. KG (read <a href=\"https:\/\/andrelang-law.de\/en\/limited-partner-and-non-competition-clause-in-the-gmbh-co-kg\/\">here<\/a> regarding the limited partner&#039;s non-competition clause in the GmbH &amp; Co. KG) is irrelevant for the admissibility under antitrust law under the GWB. All options are open to you. However, in the case of a longer-term focus, it must be regularly checked whether the requirements of the SME cartel are still met.<\/p>\n<h2>SME cartel \u2013 rationalization of economic processes<\/h2>\n<p>Rationalization of economic processes means improving the economic cost-benefit ratio for everyone involved in the SME cartel, precisely through their cooperation within the SME cartel. This rationalization is achieved when each small and medium-sized company involved improves the ratio of its operating expenses to its income. This can include cooperative measures in the areas of sales, debt collection, financing, administration, advertising, logistics or purchasing. What is crucial is that the respective economic cost-benefit ratio improves for all medium-sized companies involved. This must be proven separately for all companies. If such an improvement in the cost-benefit ratio is already denied for a company in the SME cartel, the SME cartel is not exempt from the cartel ban.<\/p>\n<p>These rationalization effects and efficiency gains must also result from the agreements restricting competition, but must not be achieved solely through price agreements or quota regulations. The admissibility of these agreements must therefore be examined particularly carefully. What is required is proven causality between the improvement of the cost-benefit ratio for all companies involved and in the service areas taken over by the SME cartel, such as joint trading, debt collection, sales, scheduling or marketing.<\/p>\n<p>The exemption of a medium-sized business cartel from the cartel ban also requires that competition is not significantly impaired. This can only result from an overall assessment of the effects of the SME cartel on the competitive conditions of the affected market. In particular, the market shares of the companies involved in the SME cartel, the extent to which competition is restricted by the agreements within the SME cartel and other existing collaborations in the same market must be taken into account. However, the decisive factor is always the joint market share in the respective service areas of the medium-sized business cartel, which may not exceed 10-15%. This is particularly true if price and quota agreements are to be made. The fact that these thresholds are not exceeded must be regularly checked and proven before the start of the SME cartel and also during its existence.<\/p>\n<p>Ultimately, the SME cartel must increase the competitiveness of small and medium-sized companies, for example by expanding the range of services, reducing logistics costs or improving marketing. If the medium-sized companies involved cannot prove such an increase, there may be a restriction of competition that violates antitrust law and an impermissible cartel.<\/p>\n<h2>What is important to you now?<\/h2>\n<p>A SME cartel is an attractive form of cooperation between competitors, but is subject to strict conditions. It is necessary that the small and medium-sized business cartel individually and demonstrably improves the business cost-benefit ratio for all companies in all service areas that the small and medium-sized business cartel takes over for the participating companies. From a legal policy perspective, it is regrettable that there is no longer a \u201cno objection certificate\u201d from the Federal Cartel Office. The legal situation therefore requires companies to examine the admissibility of a small and medium-sized business cartel themselves and independently and to accept the risk of inadmissibility. If competition in other European member states is also affected, for example because the SME cartel operates in areas close to the border, European antitrust law applies, which does not exempt SME cartels. In such cases, the requirements are even higher; in particular, it must be proven that the end users benefit from the rationalization effects, i.e. through lower prices.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ein Mittelstandskartell ist eine nach \u00a7 3 GWB ausnahmsweise zul\u00e4ssige Kooperation zwischen kleinen und mittleren Unternehmen, die den Wettbewerb nicht wesentlich beeintr\u00e4chtigt und deren Wettbewerbsf\u00e4higkeit st\u00e4rken soll. Es kann f\u00fcr kleine und mittlere Unternehmen erhebliche wettbewerbliche Vorteile bringen, um im Wettbewerb mit den gro\u00dfen Unternehmen einer Branche bestehen zu k\u00f6nnen. Dies gilt insbesondere f\u00fcr Spezialisierungskartelle [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[11,62,63,64],"class_list":["post-1205","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-kartellrecht","tag-kartellrecht","tag-marktanteil","tag-mittelstandskartell","tag-preisabsprachen"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Mittelstandskartell: Definition &amp; Voraussetzungen nach \u00a7 3 GWB | andrelang law<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Was ist ein Mittelstandskartell und wann ist es nach \u00a7 3 GWB zul\u00e4ssig? 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