{"id":1916,"date":"2021-08-20T11:40:56","date_gmt":"2021-08-20T09:40:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/andrelang-law.de\/?p=1916"},"modified":"2026-08-25T09:20:00","modified_gmt":"2026-08-25T07:20:00","slug":"entitlement-to-delivery-and-obligation-to-contract","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/andrelang-law.de\/en\/belieferungsanspruch-und-kontrahierungszwang\/","title":{"rendered":"Claim for delivery and obligation to contract"},"content":{"rendered":"

The antitrust right to delivery is a sharp sword. When a manufacturer or supplier terminates the contract with its retailer, the retailer is often upset, especially if the termination is without justification. Every trader then asks himself whether the termination cannot be challenged. After all, the retailer is often dependent on being able to stock goods from certain manufacturers. This applies in particular when a few manufacturers divide up the market, as in an oligopoly, and customers therefore expect a correspondingly wide range from the specialist retailer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nicht selten hat der Anbieter alleine oder im Rahmen eines Oligopols eine besondere Marktmacht inne. Die Wettbewerbsf\u00e4higkeit des H\u00e4ndlers leidet dann bei der Beendigung der Belieferung. Hier lohnt es sich zu pr\u00fcfen, ob gleichwohl aus einem Kontrahierungszwang des Anbieters ein Belieferungsanspruch entsteht. Allerdings sind die Anforderungen an einen solchen Kontrahierungszwang sehr hoch. Die Wirtschaft soll ja gerade von Wettbewerb und Vertragsfreiheit leben. Ein Anspruch auf Belieferung gegen den Hersteller h\u00e4ngt folglich von seiner Marktmacht und der Wettbewerbsf\u00e4higkeit des Vertriebsmittlers ohne die abgek\u00fcndigte Ware ab.\u00a0Dies gilt auch wenn der Anbieter ein selektives Vertriebssystem betreibt (read more details about the right to delivery in selective distribution here<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Claim for delivery and market position<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Zur Begr\u00fcndung eines Belieferungsanspruchs kann das antitrust law<\/a>, insbesondere das GWB weiterhelfen. Haben Anbieter eine besondere Marktmacht, d\u00fcrfen sie diese Marktmacht nicht missbrauchen. Sie d\u00fcrfen insbesondere den Wettbewerb und den Handel nicht unbillig behindern. Ebenso wenig d\u00fcrfen sie ein Unternehmen ohne sachlichen Grund nicht anders behandelt als gleichartige Unternehmen. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

A company is presumed to be dominant if it has at least 40% of market share. Two or more companies can also be dominant together if they form an oligopoly. However, market power can also exist with lower market shares. The retail trade in an entire country, such as Germany, is often dependent on being supplied by one manufacturer. If a manufacturer offers products that are particularly in demand, it is worth examining more closely whether the market power of this manufacturer also leads to an obligation to contract.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Global suppliers are often so strong in their market power that other companies as suppliers or buyers of a certain type of goods or commercial services are dependent on them for their competitiveness. One speaks of dependency when there are no sufficient and reasonable options to switch to third-party companies and there is a clear imbalance in relation to the countervailing power of the other companies (relative market power).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diese Marktmacht darf ein Hersteller oder Lieferant im Fall der Abh\u00e4ngigkeit eines H\u00e4ndlers nicht missbrauchen. Beispiele f\u00fcr den verbotenen Missbrauch von Marktmacht sind insbesondere \u00fcberh\u00f6hte Preise oder Vertragsk\u00fcndigungen<\/a>, wo ein Kontrahierungszwang besteht. Wenn ein H\u00e4ndler von einer Ware abh\u00e4ngig ist, um im Wettbewerb mit anderen Einzel- oder Fachh\u00e4ndlern bestehen zu k\u00f6nnen, ist der Anbieter verpflichtet, einen Vertrag f\u00fcr die Belieferung abzuschlie\u00dfen. Der Einzelh\u00e4ndler hat hierauf einen Anspruch. Der Lieferant unterliegt einem gesetzlichen Kontrahierungszwang und muss dem H\u00e4ndler seiner Ware zu den \u00fcblichen Konditionen anbieten. Die K\u00fcndigung ist unwirksam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Delivery claim and assortment-related dependency<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

There are different types of addiction. One of them is the so-called assortment-related dependency. A specialist retailer is dependent on a specific brand manufacturer if it has to stock its goods in order to be competitive. This applies in particular to branded articles from international brand manufacturers that consumers know and demand.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The decisive factor is how widespread the branded product is. Internationally known brands, for which consumers are willing to pay a high price, are more likely to be accepted. This applies to distribution in shops and in e-commerce, i.e. on online platforms. If a product is sold in an entire country, awareness is greater than if a product is only offered regionally.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

If the supplier consequently has a perceptible top position in the market and consequently also relative market power, this can result in a dependency of the retail trade and a corresponding obligation to contract. The supplier is then bound by his antitrust delivery obligation. The right to a contract then serves precisely the purpose of competition and the competitiveness of retailers. When such a top position exists is regularly the subject of court decisions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The D\u00fcsseldorf Higher Regional Court (ruling of April 14, 2021 - Az: VI-U (Kart) 14\/20 - Verbundunternehmen) recently had to decide such a case. When determining a top position dependency, the distribution rate is regularly of particular importance. At least for goods that are not sold via a selective distribution system, a high distribution rate is a clear indication of a top position dependency. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

With a high distribution rate, however, the top position of the product in question is not yet certain. Rather, all circumstances of the specific case must be comprehensively assessed for the top position dependency: A high distribution rate is generally a necessary prerequisite for a top position for a product that is not sold in selective distribution. A high distribution rate speaks in favor of this. Nonetheless, it must be stated that the competitiveness of the retailer claiming a leading position, depending on the specific nature of its business, actually depends on the availability of a specific product.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

determining the top position<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

In the specific case, it was an affiliated company for shoe shops and sports shops and its contractually bound shoe retailers. The European sales company of the well-known sporting goods manufacturer was sued, which rejected an offer to (re)conclude, among other things, terminated supply contracts. The D\u00fcsseldorf Higher Regional Court decided that the affiliated company has no antitrust right to a delivery claim. By refusing to do so, the sales company is not violating the ban on discrimination or hindrance under antitrust law. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Even if the sales company were to be a dominant or market-strong company, it was free to organize its business activities and sales system at its own discretion in such a way that it considered this to be economically sensible and correct. In particular, the D\u00fcsseldorf Higher Regional Court denied a range-related dependency on the products in the form of a top position dependency.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Such is the case when a retailer has to carry a certain product in its range in order to be seen as a competitive supplier by its customers. These are so-called must-have products that cannot be replaced by similar goods from other manufacturers in the range. In particular, the awareness of the respective brand and the advertising budget can speak for a top position dependency and thus the abuse of market power. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Delivery claim \u2013 High distribution rate<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Bei der Feststellung einer Spitzenstellungsabh\u00e4ngigkeit kommt regelm\u00e4\u00dfig der Distributionsrate eine ma\u00dfgebliche Bedeutung zu. bei vielen Markenprodukten setzt der Verkehr das Angebot eines bestimmten Produkts bei einem H\u00e4ndler als selbstverst\u00e4ndlich voraus. Das Fehlen dieser Ware im Angebot f\u00fchrt zu einem Verlust an Ansehen und zu einer gewichtigen Beeintr\u00e4chtigung der Wettbewerbsf\u00e4higkeit des H\u00e4ndlers. Unter diesen Voraussetzungen liegt regelm\u00e4\u00dfig auch eine hohe Distributionsrate vor. Die Ware wird sich in diesem Fall im Sortiment fast aller vergleichbaren H\u00e4ndler finden.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A high distribution rate is therefore a clear indication of a top position dependency, at least for goods that are not sold via a selective distribution system (Federal Court of Justice, judgment of December 12, 2017, KZR 50\/15 - Rimowa<\/em>). The D\u00fcsseldorf Higher Regional Court is now emphasizing the following: This case law should not be understood in such a way that a high distribution rate also means that the product in question is at the top. Rather, all circumstances of the specific case must be comprehensively assessed for the top position dependency. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

A high distribution rate is a necessary prerequisite for a top position and for a claim to delivery. Only if all or the vast majority of these dealers actually have the product in question in their range in the geographic area relevant for assessing the competitiveness of the range is the conclusion of a leading position justified. It is always necessary to check whether the retailer's ability to compete actually depends on the availability of a specific product given the circumstances of the individual case. A high distribution rate does not make it unnecessary to check this alleged top position dependency.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Summary<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Freedom of contract is a valuable asset and can only be limited to such an extent that a dominant company is subject to a contract obligation and is therefore at the same time legally obliged to refrain from terminating a contract. However, the resulting claim for delivery under antitrust law is linked to high hurdles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition to market dominance or relative market strength, there must be a top position dependency on a specific product. Such a top position dependency can only exist if the competitiveness of the terminated dealer \u2013 including its international competitiveness \u2013 is restricted. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The dealer is responsible for proving the market dominance. For the obligation to contract, he must prove the abuse of a strong market position of the provider on the relevant market. Market power can also be relative market power. A legal obligation to supply arises from an overall view of the distribution rate, price, quality and the degree of sales promotion through advertising.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Der kartellrechtliche Belieferungsanspruch ist ein scharfes Schwert. K\u00fcndigt ein Hersteller oder Lieferant den Vertrag mit seinem Einzelh\u00e4ndler, ist dieser h\u00e4ufig konsterniert, insbesondere wenn die K\u00fcndigung ohne Begr\u00fcndung erfolgt. Jeder H\u00e4ndler stellt sich dann die Frage, ob die K\u00fcndigung nicht angegriffen werden kann. Immerhin ist der Einzelh\u00e4ndler h\u00e4ufig davon abh\u00e4ngig, dass er Ware von bestimmten Herstellern […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[150,182,16,173,100,102,84,21],"tags":[136,99,138,134,137,135],"class_list":["post-1916","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-belieferungsanspruch","category-haendlervertrag","category-kartellrecht","category-kartellverstoss","category-kuendigung","category-liefervertrag","category-marktbeherrschende-stellung","category-schadensersatz","tag-abhaengigkeit","tag-belieferungsanspruch","tag-distributionsrate","tag-kontrahierungszwang","tag-olg-duesseldorf","tag-spitzenstellung"],"yoast_head":"\nKontrahierungszwang: Belieferungsanspruch bei Spitzenstellung | andrelang law<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Bei Marktmacht und Spitzenstellungsabh\u00e4ngigkeit kann ein Kontrahierungszwang zur Belieferung bestehen. 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